nextTick
nextTick是一个开发中经常会用到的一个api,正因为经常使用,所以也是面试高频考点。它的用法最核心的一句话就是将回调延迟到下次 DOM 更新循环之后执行。在修改数据之后立即使用它,然后等待 DOM 更新。 比如从服务端接口去获取数据的时候,数据做了修改,如果我们的某些方法去依赖了数据修改后的 DOM 变化,我们就必须在 nextTick 后执行。比如下面的伪代码:
getData(res).then(()=>{
this.xxx = res.data
this.$nextTick(() => {
// 这里可以获取变化后的 DOM
})
})官方文档有一句话是Vue在更新dom是异步执行的,这句话非常关键,结合同步任务和异步任务,就是理解nexttick的核心。 接下来来看它的源码实现。
源码分析
nextTick 定义在src/core/util/next-tick.js中,
/* @flow */
/* globals MutationObserver */
import { noop } from 'shared/util'
import { handleError } from './error'
import { isIE, isIOS, isNative } from './env'
export let isUsingMicroTask = false
const callbacks = []
let pending = false
function flushCallbacks() {
// 改变pending状态值
pending = false
// 备份一个callbacks
const copies = callbacks.slice(0)
callbacks.length = 0
// 依次执行callbacks中的cb
for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {
copies[i]()
}
}
// Here we have async deferring wrappers using microtasks.
// In 2.5 we used (macro) tasks (in combination with microtasks).
// However, it has subtle problems when state is changed right before repaint
// (e.g. #6813, out-in transitions).
// Also, using (macro) tasks in event handler would cause some weird behaviors
// that cannot be circumvented (e.g. #7109, #7153, #7546, #7834, #8109).
// So we now use microtasks everywhere, again.
// A major drawback of this tradeoff is that there are some scenarios
// where microtasks have too high a priority and fire in between supposedly
// sequential events (e.g. #4521, #6690, which have workarounds)
// or even between bubbling of the same event (#6566).
let timerFunc
// The nextTick behavior leverages the microtask queue, which can be accessed
// via either native Promise.then or MutationObserver.
// MutationObserver has wider support, however it is seriously bugged in
// UIWebView in iOS >= 9.3.3 when triggered in touch event handlers. It
// completely stops working after triggering a few times... so, if native
// Promise is available, we will use it:
/* istanbul ignore next, $flow-disable-line */
if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) {
const p = Promise.resolve()
timerFunc = () => {
// promise,下一个tick调用flushCallbacks,
p.then(flushCallbacks)
// In problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but
// it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the
// microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser
// needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can
// "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer.
if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop)
}
isUsingMicroTask = true
} else if (!isIE && typeof MutationObserver !== 'undefined' && (
isNative(MutationObserver) ||
// PhantomJS and iOS 7.x
// MutationObserver用来监听dom对象的改变
MutationObserver.toString() === '[object MutationObserverConstructor]'
)) {
// Use MutationObserver where native Promise is not available,
// e.g. PhantomJS, iOS7, Android 4.4
// (#6466 MutationObserver is unreliable in IE11)
let counter = 1
const observer = new MutationObserver(flushCallbacks)
const textNode = document.createTextNode(String(counter))
observer.observe(textNode, {
characterData: true
})
timerFunc = () => {
counter = (counter + 1) % 2
textNode.data = String(counter)
}
isUsingMicroTask = true
} else if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' && isNative(setImmediate)) {
// Fallback to setImmediate.
// Technically it leverages the (macro) task queue,
// but it is still a better choice than setTimeout.
// 因为setImmediate会立即执行,而setTimeout至少要4ms后才能执行
// 但是setImmediate只在ie和node环境中有效
timerFunc = () => {
setImmediate(flushCallbacks)
}
} else {
// Fallback to setTimeout.
timerFunc = () => {
setTimeout(flushCallbacks, 0)
}
}
export function nextTick(cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) {
let _resolve
// 存储回调函数
callbacks.push(() => {
// cb是用户传入的,将cb存入callback数组中
if (cb) {
try {
cb.call(ctx)
} catch (e) {
handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick')
}
} else if (_resolve) {
_resolve(ctx)
}
})
// 队列是否在被处理中
if (!pending) {
pending = true
// 找到callbacks中所有cb依次调用,异步执行flushCallbacks
timerFunc()
}
// $flow-disable-line
if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {
return new Promise(resolve => {
_resolve = resolve
})
}
}nexttick就是把要执行的任务推入到一个队列中,在下一个tick中同步执行,数据改变后触发渲染watcher的update。但是watchers的flush是在下一个tick后(flushSchedulerQueue刷新队列更新视图作为nexttick的回调函数),所以重新渲染是异步的,这个flush也是通过微任务和宏任务来控制的。
next-tick.js 声明了一个变量timerfunc,通过依次检测是否支持Promise, MutationObserver 以及setImmediate,三者都不满足的话,则会采用 setTimeout(fn, 0) 代替。 这里暴露的函数nextTick把传入的回调函数 cb 压入 callbacks 数组,最后一次性地调用timerFunc,也就是会在下一个tick执行flushCallbacks,flushCallbacks 就是对 callbacks 遍历,然后执行相应的回调函数。
从数据更新到flushCallback的流程如下: notify-》update-》queueWatcher-》nexttick-》callbacks.push(flushSchedulerQueue) -》timerFunc-》flushCallbacks-》执行 callbacks 中的每一项
异步更新的原因
为什么要异步更新呢? dom数据异步更新,只要侦听到数据变化(notify),在queueWatcher中Vue 将开启一个队列,并缓冲在同一事件循环中发生的所有数据变更。如果同一个 watcher 被多次触发,只会被推入到队列中一次。这种在缓冲时去除重复数据对于避免不必要的计算和 DOM 操作是非常重要的(这句话!!!非常节省性能)。然后,在下一个的事件循环“tick”中,Vue 刷新flush队列并执行 (已去重的) 工作。
总结
Vue 在更新 DOM 时是异步执行的。只要侦听到数据变化,在queueWatcher中Vue 将开启一个队列,并缓冲在同一事件循环中发生的所有数据变更。如果同一个 watcher 被多次触发,只会被推入到队列中一次。这种在缓冲时去除重复数据对于避免不必要的计算和 DOM 操作是非常重要的。然后,在下一个的事件循环“tick”中,Vue 刷新flush队列并执行实际 (已去重的) 工作。Vue 在内部对异步队列尝试使用原生的 Promise.then、MutationObserver 和 setImmediate,如果执行环境不支持,则会采用 setTimeout(fn, 0) 代替。